Мисията невъзможна
реформи в ЦРУ през 60-те и 70-те години на ХХ век
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.60053/GSU.IF.1.106.253-296Ключови думи :
Съединени американски щати, ЦРУ, Конгрес, реформа на разузнавателните службиРезюме
Статията има за цел да представи причините, поради които усилията за реформиране на ЦРУ през 60-те и 70-те години на ХХ в. са до голяма степен неуспешни. За тази цел тя проследява работата на различни разследващи органи във вътрешните работи на агенцията и сравнява техните производства и препоръки. В изследването са представени три различни опита за реформа: неуспехът в Залива на прасетата през 1961 г., разкриването на „Рампартс“ през 1967 г. и публичното оповестяване на „Семейните скъпоценности“ през 1974 г. Авторът предлага четири основни причини за неуспеха на реформата в разузнаването. На първо място е нежеланието за реална промяна от страна на авторитетните органи. Втората е информационното предимство, което разузнавателните служби имат пред външните реформатори. Трето, липсата на консенсус по отношение на обхвата и посоката на предложените реформи. И накрая, несъвместимостта между тайния характер на разузнавателната дейност и отчетността и откритостта, необходими за правилното функциониране на една установена демокрация.
Използвани източници
An Analysis of the Cuban Operation by the Deputy Director (Plans), Central Intelligence Agency, 18 January 1962. The National SecurityArchive [online]. 1 August 2011 [Viewed 16 June 2022]. Available from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB353/.
Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, Pub. L. 81-110, Sec. 6 ; 10. In: U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 63 [online]. [Viewed 05.04.2023]. Available form: https://www.loc.gov/ collections/united-states-statutes-at-large.
Congressional Record. Vol. 113. Washington: USGPO, 1967.
Congressional Record. Vol. 120. Washington: USGPO, 1974.
Congressional Record. Vol. 121. Washington: USGPO, 1975.
Department of State Bulletin. Vol. 56. Washington: USGPO, 1967.
Foreign Assistance Act of 1974. Pub. L. 93-559, Title III, Sec. 32. In: U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 8 8 [online]. [Viewed 05.04.2023]. Available form: https://www.govinfo. gov/app/collection/statute/.
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511. In: U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 92 [online]. [Viewed 05.04.2023]. Available form: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/statute/1978.
FRUS, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment. Washington: USGPO, 1996.
FRUS, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community. Washington: USGPO, 2007.
FRUS, 1961-1963, Vol. VIII, National Security Policy. Washington: USGPO, 1996.
FRUS, 1961-1963, Vol. X, Cuba, January 1961 - September 1962. Washington: USGPO, 1997.
FRUS, 1961-1963, Vol. XXV, Organization of Foreign Policy; Information Policy; United Nations; Scientific Matters. Washington: USGPO, 2001.
FRUS, 1964-1968, Vol. XXXIII, Organization and Management of Foreign Policy; United Nations. Washington: USGPO, 2004.
FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol. II. Organization and Management of U.S. Foreign Policy, 1969 1972. Washington: USGPO, 2006.
FRUS, 1969-1976, Volume XXXVIII, Part 2, Organization and Management of Foreign Policy; Public Diplomacy, 1973-1976. Washington: USGPO, 2014.
Inspector General’s Survey of the Cuban Operation and Associated Documents. The National Security Archive [online]. 1 August 2011 [Viewed 14 June 2022]. Available from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB353/.
James Schlesinger Memorandum, 9 May 1973. National Security Archive [online]. [Viewed 23 June 2022]. Available from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/schlesinger_jewels.pdf.
National Security Act of 1947, Pub. L. 80-253, Sec. 102 (d). In: U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 61 [online]. [Viewed 05.04.2023]. Available form: https://www.loc.gov/collections/ united-states-statutes-at-large.
Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. [online] [Viewed 29 June 2022]. Available from: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/people/president/dwight-d-eisenhower.
Public Papers of the Presidents: Gerald R. Ford. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. [online] [Viewed 29 June 2022]. Available from: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/people/president/gerald-r-ford.
Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. [online] [Viewed 29 June 2022]. Available from: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/people/president/john-f-kennedy.
Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. CIA FOIA Reading Room [online]. 12 December 2016 [Viewed 29 June 2022]. Available from: https:// www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp86b00269r000100040001-5. Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States, June 1975. Washington: USGPO, 1975.
The CIA’s Family Jewels. CIA FOIA Reading Room [online]. [Viewed 24 June 2022]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001451843.
The Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation. The National Security Archive [online]. 15 August 2011 [Viewed 14 June 2022]. Available from: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/ NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/index.htm.
U.S. Senate. Hearings Before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities o f the U.S. Senate. Vol. 7, Covert Action, December 4 and 5, 1975. Washington: USGPO, 1976.
U.S. Senate. The Senate Watergate Report. The Final Report of the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (the Ervin Committee), Vol. I. Washington: A Dell Book, 1974.
U.S. Senate. Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. An Interim Report o f the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, November 20, 1975. Washington: USGPO, 1975.
U.S. Senate. Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973. Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities. Washington: USGPO, 1975.
U.S. Senate. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities. Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, April 26, 1976. Washington: USGPO, 1976.
U.S. Senate. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities. Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. Book II, April 26, 1976. Washington: USGPO, 1976.
The Unexpurgated Pike Report. Report of the House Select Committee on Intelligence, 1976. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Баев, Йордан. Американското разузнаване и България (1941-1991). София: Изток - Запад, 2021.
Николова, Ивана. „Печалната загуба“: отношението на Съединените щати към управлението на Салвадор Алиенде, 1970-1973 г. В: Източна Европа и Латинска Америка. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2017, с. 189-216.
Agee, Philip. Inside the Company. CIA Diary. London: Stonehill, 1975.
Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. Vietnam Declassified. The CIA and Counterinsurgency. Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 2010.
Barett, David M. The CIA & Congress. The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.
Breckinridge, Scott D. The CIA and the U.S. Intelligence System. London: Routledge, 2019.
Callanan, James. Covert Action in the Cold War. US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations. London: I.B. Tauris, 2010.
Clifford, Clark, Holbrooke, Richard. Counsel to the President: A Memoir. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday, 1992.
Colby, William, Forbath, Peter. Honorable Men. My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
Colby, William, Mccargar, James. Lost Victory. A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989.
Congress and the Nation: A Review of Government and Politics. Vol. II, 1965-1968. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1969.
Congress and the Nation: A Review of Government and Politics. Vol. IV, 1973-1976. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1977.
Crewdson, John M. Church Doubts Plot Links to Presidents. The New York Times, 19 July 1975.
Daugherty, William J. Executive Secrets: Covert Action & the Presidency. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
Dulles, Allen. The Craft of Intelligence. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Durbin, Brent. The CIA and the Politics of US Intelligence Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Escalante, Fabián. CIA covert operations against Cuba, 1959-62. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1995.
Ford, Gerald R. A Time to Heal. The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
Ford, Harold P. William E. Colby as Director of Central Intelligence. Washington: CIA History Staff, 1993.
Helms, Richard, Hood, William. A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Random House, 2003.
Hersh, Seymour M. HUGE C.I.A. OPERATION REPORTED IN U.S. AGAINST ANTIWAR FORCES, OTHER DISSIDENTS IN NIXON YEARS. The New York Times, 22 December 1974, p. 1.
Immerman, Richard H. The Hidden Hand: A Brief History o f the CIA. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The CIA & American Democracy. Third Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
Johnson, Loch. K. America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Kissinger, Henry. Years of Renewal. New York: Phoenix Press, 2000.Lyon, Veme. CHAOS on Campus: I Spied for the CIA. In: The CIA on Campus. Essays on Academic Freedom and the National Security State. Ed. by Philip Zwerling. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2011, 147-167.
Marchetti, Victor, Marks, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. Third Edition. New York: Dell Publishing, 1983.
Morgan, Thomas B. Among the Anti-Americans. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.
Nixon, Richard. Six Crises. Richard Nixon Centennial Edition. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.
O ’Sullivan, Shane. Dirty Tricks. Nixon, Watergate, and the CIA. New York: Hot Books, 2018.
Paget, Karen M. Patriotic Betrayal. The Inside Story o f the CIA’s Secret Campaign to Enroll American Students in the Crusade Against Communism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.
Paterson, Thomas G. Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Powers, Thomas. Intelligence Wars. American Secret History from Hitler to al-Qaeda. Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: New York Review Books, 2004.
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets. Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Pocket Books, 1979.
Prados, John. Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars o f CIA Director William Colby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Prados, John. The Family Jewels: The CIA, Secrecy and Presidential Power. Updated Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013.
Price, David. Uninvited Guests: A Short History of the CIA on Campus. In: The CIA on Campus. Essays on Academic Freedom and the National Security State. Ed. by Philip Zwerling. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2011, pp. 33-60.
Rafalko, Frank J. MH/CHAOS: The CIA’s Campaign Against the Radical New Left and the Black Panthers. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011.
Rositzke, Harry. The CIA’s Secret Operations. Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action. London: Routledge, 2019.
Snider, L. Britt. The Agency and the Hill: CIA’s Relationship with Congress, 1946-2004. Washington: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2008.
Weiner, Tim. Legacy of Ashes. The History o f the CIA. New York: Doubleday, 2007.
Wilford, Hugh. The Mighty Wurlitzer. How the CIA Played America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Woods, Randall B. Shadow Warrior. William Egan Colby and the CIA. New York: Basic Books, 2013.
Baev, Yordan. Amerikanskoto razuznavane i Bulgaria (1941-1991). Sofia: Iztok - Zapad, 2021.
Nikolova, Ivana. „Pechalnata zaguba“: otnoshenieto na Saedinenite shtati kam upravlenieto na Salvador Aliende, 1970-1973 g. V: Iztochna Evropa i Latinska Amerika. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2017, s. 189-216.
Файлове за сваляне
Публикуван
Как да цитирате
Брой
Секция
Категории
Лиценз
Авторски права (c) 2023 Годишник на Софийския университет "Св. Климент Охридски" - Исторически факултет
Публикация с Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Тази публикация е лицензирана пoд условията на CC Attibution 4.0.
